Today in western civilization, we celebrated Mikenzie's birthday. Mr. Schick was so excited and happy for Mikenzie turning 15 that he made her wear his birthday hat and as a birthday present to all of us, made class as boring as he possibly could. For the majority of this class, we just basically took a few sides notes on Chapter 3. It was pretty boring for the most part, but it was in the vision of celebration. Mr. Schick told us that we should download the chapter 3 outline and use it to study for our test on Monday. Hurray! Celebration of the coming of age has turned into celebration of coming of test...
Chapter 3 Outline
I. The European Barbarians (LO1)
A. The Earliest Europeans
1. by 4000BC, farming and
village life had spread throughout the continent
2. by 3500BC, increased
population and wealth led to complex religious structures
B. The Barbarian Way of Life
1. common way of life as result of migrations of
Indo-European nomads
(c.2500BC onward) from the
steppes that bordered Europe on the east
2. languages
a. ancestor languages of Greek and Latin
3. elites of warriors
4. farming and village life
5. In this way, Europe came to
be inhabited by peoples who spoke mostly Indo-European languages; who were skilled in farming,
metalworking, trade, and warfare; and who were fairly well organized on the
local level, but had no cities, written records, or fixed structures of
government
6. c.2000BC-1000AD these
barbarians came into contact with civilization
7. the first such European
barbarian people to make contact with civilization were the Greeks - their
civilization, the first to emerge in Europe, was the first to definitively be
labeled “Western”
II. The Aegean Encounter (LO2)
A. Minoan Civilization
1. c.2200BC a distinct
civilization known as Minoan arose on the Aegean island of Crete
2. Minoans drew wealth from
control of the seas and trade with eastern Mediterranean
lands, especially Egypt
B. The Arrival of the Greeks: Mycenaean
Civilization
1. when the Greeks made their
way to the Aegean, they seem to have been a European barbarian people much like any other
2. eventually they came under
the influence of nearby Crete
3. by c.1600BC Greek chieftains
had established settlements along the mainland’s southern shore and on some islands
4. Mycenaean Greeks
5. struggles between Mycenaeans
and Minoans for control of the commerce of the eastern Mediterranean lasted
until c.1400BC, with the
destruction of Minoan towns, perhaps as a result of Mycenaean
conquest
C. The “Dark Ages”
1. Mycenaean civilization
lasted until shortly after 1200BC due to the conquest of the Sea Peoples
2. c.1150 BC Myceneae was
sacked and all settlements deserted - in addition, the population dropped, and
writing fell out of use
3.
this led to the eclipse of civilization for almost 400 years, known as the Dark Ages (1150 - 750 BC)
4. but the Greeks themselves
survived and even expanded their territory
D. The Renewal of Greek Civilization
1. c.800 BC the Aegean region
recovered
2. population expansion led to
founding of colonies, c.800-600 BC
3. the Greeks joined the Phoenicians
as the leading commercial and seafaring nation of the Mediterranean
4. a common religion
5. new developments
a. use of iron tools and weapons
b. coined money
c. borrowing of Phoenician shipbuilding and
warfare techniques
d. writing and the alphabet formed the Greek
language
III. Citizens and Communities: The Greek City-States
(LO3)
A. City-States and Citizens
1. notion of citizenship seems
to have originated partly in geography
2. hoplites: Greek infantrymen
equipped with bronze helmets and armor, round shields, long spears, and
short swords
3. city-state, citizens,
tradition, and myth
B. Monarchy, Oligarchy, Tyranny, Democracy
1. in the earliest times,
communities were ruled by kings
2. monarchy then gave way to
new forms of government that distributed power more widely among male citizens
a. oligarchy: a minority of citizens dominated the
government, and the power of the majority was limited in various ways
3. but other city-states gave
more power to the majority (particularly those that
developed into large commercial centers)
a. in these city-states the common people
were too numerous and
active
to ignore,
b. in these cities, social conflicts
sometimes led to the emergence of tyranny (rule by a dictator)
c. but tyranny was often only a passing
phase on the way to democracy
(all government decisions were made by the majority of male citizens)
4. although Greek city-states
had many features in common, each was individual in character
C. Sparta: The Military Ideal
1. Spartans were descendants of
Greeks who had conquered part of the Southern
mainland: Laconia
2. by 800BC they were a
minority of landholders ruling over a majority of helots (noncitizens forced to work for landholders)
3. Messenian helots, however,
frequently rebelled
a. this forced Spartans to accept a
governmental system that put them
under almost total domination by a few among themselves
4. by 500BC, policy decisions
had been taken over by a council of elders
5. thus the Spartan government
was a leading example of oligarchy
6. Spartan male life was
dedicated entirely to the service of the state
7. the relative freedom of
Spartan women aroused both admiration and disapproval among other Greeks
8. to protect this way of life,
Spartans tried to seal off their city-state from outside influences
D. Athens: Freedom and Power
1. c.800BC many old-established
communities in the Attica peninsula merged to form a single city-state that was
known by the name of the most
important community: Athens
2. over the next 300 years,
Athens grew to become the wealthiest and one of the most powerful city-states, largely as a result of overseas
trade
a. produced and exported wine and oil
b. workshops produced weapons, pottery, and
articles of silver,
lead,
and marble
c. these were trade overseas for metal, timber,
and grain
3. with a rising population and
greater wealth came social and political conflicts
a. usually between aristocrats and
increasingly numerous dēmos
b. in conflicts with the aristocracy, the dēmos could generally find aristocrats to lead them whom they
respected and who wanted their support
4. as a result, Athens passed
through several stages of political growth, beginning with monarchy and including both
oligarchy and tyranny
a. eventually political power was extended
to all adult male citizens,
with aristocrats becoming leaders instead of rulers
5. The Persian Wars
a. in the sixth century BC, the Persians had
conquered a realm that stretched
from the border of India to the Nile and the Aegean
b. now the empire was within striking
distance of the Greeks, and Persia conquered the Greek
city-states in western Asia Minor
c. when Athens aided a rebellion by these
city-states, Persian king
Darius
sought to extend his empire into mainland Greece, c.494BC
d. the Persians lost the decisive battle of
Marathon in 490BC
e. then in 480BC, the Athenian navy crushed
the Persians at
Salamis,
and the Spartans faced the Persians on land at Thermopylae and then at Platea
6. when final peace was made
with Persia in 445 BC, Athens was the controlling power of the Aegean Sea
7. after Persia’s defeat,
Athenian democracy entered a “Golden Age”
8. the workings of democracy
a. a Council of Five Hundred and roughly one
thousand public
officials
were chosen annually by lot
b. chief military officers, the Ten
Generals, were chosen each year by vote of the male citizens
c. adult
male citizens were a minority of the population of Athens
i. the rest of the population was composed
of adult female citizens,
adult noncitizens, and children
ii. adult male citizens probably made up no
more than one-
fifth
of the total adult population
iii. the remaining four-fifths had no say in
government
9. men and women in Athens
a. women were highly visible in religious
affairs
b. not much is known of women’s life lower
down the social scale or outside the city
10.
slaves
a. were a diverse group; not all of them
lived lives of total subjection
and powerlessness
b. most slaves were non-Greeks, or the
descendants of non-Greeks
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